Virtual Museum of Art | Virtual Museum of History | Virtual Public Library | Virtual Science Center | Virtual Museum of Natural History | Virtual War Museum
   You are in: Virtual War Museum >> US Civil War Hall >> Salmon Chase





The Seven Flags of the New Orleans Tri-Centennial

For More Information go to New Orleans 300th Birthday


 


Salmon Chase

1808-1873

Edited Appleton's American Image Copyright© 2001 by VirtualologyTM

 

CHASE, Salmon Portland, statesman, born in Cornish, N. H., 13 Jan., 1808 ; died in New York City, 7 May, 1873. He was named for his uncle, Salmon, who died in Portland, and he used to say that he was his uncle's monument. He was a descendant in the ninth generation of Thomas Chase, of Chesham, England, and in the sixth of Aquila Chase, who came from England and settled in Newbury, Mass., about 1640. Sahnon Portland was the eighth of the eleven children of Ithamar Chase and his wife Jannette Ralston, who was of Scottish blood. 

He was born in the house built by his grandfather, which still stands overlooking Connecticut river and in the afternoon shadow of Ascutney mountain. Of his father's seven brothers, three were lawyers, Dudley becoming a U. S. senator ; two were physicians ; Phblander became a bishop of the Protestant Episcopal church ; and one, like his father, was a farmer. His earliest teacher was Daniel Breck, afterward a jurist in Kentucky. When the boy was eight years old his parents removed to Keene, where his mother had inherited a little property. This was invested in a glass factory; but a revision of the tariff, by which the duty on glass was lowered, ruined the business, and soon afterward the father died. Salmon was sent to school at Windsor, and made considerable progress in Latin and Greek. 

In 1820 his uncle, the bishop of Ohio, offered to take him into his family, and the boy set out in the spring, with his brother and the afterward famous Henry R. Schoolcraft, to make the journey to what was then considered the distant west. They were taken from Buffalo to Cleveland by the "WalkintheWater," the first steamboat on the great lakes. He spent three years in Worthington and Cincinnati with his uncle, who attended to his education personally till he went to England in 1823, when the boy returned home, the next year entered Dartmouth as a junior, and was graduated in 1826. He at once established a classical school for boys in Washington, D. C., which he conducted with success, at the same time studying law with William Wirt. 

Mr. Chase gave much of his leisure to light literature, and a poem that was addressed by him to Mr. Wirt's daughters was printed and is still extant. In 1830, having completed his studies, he closed the school, was admitted to the bar in Washington, and settled in Cincinnati, where he soon obtained a large practice. In polities lie did not identify himself with either of the great parties; but on one point he was clear front the first: he was unalterably opposed to slavery, and in this sentiment he was confirmed by witnessing the destruction of the "Philanthropist" office by a proslavery mob in 1836. In 1837 he defended a fugitive slave woman, claimed under the law of 1793, and took the highest ground against the constitutionality of that law. One of the oldest lawyers in the courtroom was heard to remark concerning him: "There is a promising young man who has just ruined himself." 

In 1837 Mr. Chase also defended his friend James G. Birney in a suit for harboring a Negro slave, and in 1838 he reviewed with great severity a report of the judiciary committee of the state senate, refusing trial by jury to slaves, and in a second suit defended Mr. Birney. When it became evident, after the brief administration of Harrison was over and that of Tyler begun, that no more effective opposition to the encroachments of slavery was to be expected from the Whig than from the Democratic party, a Liberty party was organized in Ohio in December, 1841, and Mr. Chase was foremost among its founders. The address, which was written by Mr. Chase, contained these passages, clearly setting forth the issues of a mighty struggle that was to continue for twenty-five years and be closed only by a bloody war: "The constitution found slavery, and left it, a state institution the creature and dependant of state law wholly local in its existence and character. It did not make it a national institution .... Why, then, fellow citizens, are we now appealing to you ? . . . Why is it that the whole nation is moved, as with a mighty wind, by the discussion of the questions involved in the great issue now made up between liberty and slavery ? It is, fellow citizens and we beg you to mark this it is because slavery has overleaped its prescribed limits and usurped the control of the national government. We ask you to acquaint yourselves fully with the details and particulars belonging" to the topics which we have briefly touched, and we do not doubt that you will concur with us in believing that the honor, the welfare, the safety of our country imperiously require the absolute and unqualified divorce of the government from slavery." Writing of this late in life Mr. Chase said : "Having resolved on my political course, I devoted all the time and means I could command to the work of spreading the principles and building up the organization of the party of constitutional freedom then inaugurated. Sometimes, indeed, all I could do seemed insignificant, while the labors I had to perform, and the demands upon my very limited resources by necessary contributions, taxed severely all my ability .... It seems to me now, on looking back, that I could not help working if I would, and that I was just as really called in the course of Providence to my labors for human freedom as ever any other laborer in the great field of the world was called to his appointed work."  

Mr. Chase acted as counsel for so many blacks who were claimed as fugitives that lie was at length called by Kentuckians the " attorney general for runaway Negroes," and the colored people of Cincinnati presented him with a silver pitcher "for his various public services in behalf of the oppressed." One of his most noted cases was the defense of John Van Zandt (the original of John Van Trompe in " Uncle Tom's Cabin ") in 1842, who was prosecuted for harboring fugitive slaves because he had overtaken a party of them on the road and given them a ride in his wagon. In the final hearing, 1846, William H. Seward was associated with Mr. Chase, neither of them receiving' any compensation.

When the Liberty party, in a national convention held in Buffalo, N. Y., in 1843, nominated James G. Birney for president, the platform was almost entirely the composition of Mr. Chase. But he vigorously opposed the resolution, offered by John Pierpont, declaring that the fugitive slave law clause of the constitution was not binding in conscience, but might be mentally excepted in any oath to support the constitution. In 1840 the Liberty party had cast but one in 360 of the entire popular vote of the country. In 1844 it cast one in forty, and caused the defeat of Mr. Clay. The free-soil convention that met in Buffalo in 1848 and nominated Martin Van Buren for president, with Charles Francis Adams for vice president, was presided over by Mr. Chase. This time the party cast one in nine of the whole number of votes. In February, 1849, the Democrats and the free-soilers in the Ohio legislature formed a coalition, one result of which was the election of Mr. Chase to the U. S. senate. Agreeing with the Democracy of Ohio, which, by resolution in convention, had declared slavery to be an evil, he supported its state policy and nominees, but declared that he would desert it if it deserted the antislavery position. In the senate, 26 and 27 March, 1850, he made a notable speech against the so called "compromise measures," which included the fugitive slave law, and offered several amendments, all of which were voted down. 

When the Democratic convention at Baltimore nominated Franklin Pierce for president in 1852, and approved of the compromise acts of 1850, Senator Chase dissolved his connection with the Democratic party in Ohio. At this time he addressed a letter to Hon. Benjamin F. Butler, of New York, suggesting and vindicating the idea of an independent democracy. He made a platform, which was substantially that adopted at the Pittsburg convention, in the same year. He continued his support to the independent democrats until the Kansas Nebraska bill came up, when he vigorously opposed the repeal of the Missouri compromise, wrote an appeal to the people against it, and made the first elaborate exposure of its character. His persistent attacks upon it in the senate thoroughly roused the north, and are admitted to have influenced in a remarkable degree the subsequent struggle. During his senatorial career Mr. Chase also advocated economy in the national finances, a Pacific railroad by the shortest and best route, the homestead law (which was intended to develop the northern territories), and cheap postage, and held that the national treasury should defray the expense of providing for safe navigation of the lakes, as well as of the Atlantic and Pacific oceans.

In 1855 he was elected governor of Ohio by the opponents of the Pierce administration. His inaugural address recommended single districts for legislative representation, annum instead of biennial sessions of the legislature, and an extended educational system. Soon after his inauguration occurred the Garner tragedy, so called, in which a fugitive slave mother, near Cincinnati, attempted to kill all of her children, and did kill one, to prevent them from being borne back to slave life in Kentucky. This and other slave hunts in Ohio so roused and increased the antislavery sentiment in that place that Gov. Chase was re-nominated by acclamation, and was reelected by a small majority, though the American or know-nothing party had a candidate in the field. 

In the national Republican convention, held at Chicago in 1860, the vote on the first ballot stood: Seward, 173 1/2; Lincoln, 102; Cameron, 50½; Chase, 49. On the third ballot Mr. Lincoln lacked but four of the number necessary to nominate, and these were given by Mr. Chase's friends before the result was declared. When Mr. Lincoln was inaugurated President, 4 March, 1861, he made Gov. Chase secretary of the treasury. The difficulty that he was immediately called upon to grapple with is thus described by Mr. Greeley: "When he accepted the office of secretary of the treasury the finances were already in chaos; the current revenue being inadequate, even in the absence of all expenditure or preparation for war, his predecessor (Cobb, of Georgia) having attempted to borrow $10,000,000, in October, 1860, and obtained only $7,022,000 the bidders to whom the balance was awarded choosing to forfeit their initial deposit rather than take and pay for their bonds. Thenceforth he had tided over, till his resignation, by selling treasury notes, payable a year from date, at 6 to 12 per cent. discount ; and when, after he had retired from the scene, Gen. Dix, who succeeded him in Mr. Buchanan's cabinet, attempted (February, 1861) to borrow a small sum on twenty-year bonds at 6 per cent., he was obliged to sell those bonds at an average discount of 9½ per cent. Hence, of Mr. Chase's first loan of $8,000,000, for which bids were opened (2 April ten days before Beauregard first fired on Fort Sumter, the offerings ranged from 5 to 10 per cent. discount; and only $3,099,000 were tendered at or under 6 per cent. discounthe, in the face of a vehement clamor, declining all bids at higher rates of discount than 6 per cent., and placing soon afterward the balance of t, he $8,000,000 in twoyear treasury notes at par or a fraction over." 

When the secretary went to New York for his first loan, the London Times declared that he had "coerced $50,000,000 from the banks, but would not fare so well at the London Exchange." Three years later it said " the hundredth part of Mr. Chase's embarrassments would tax Mr. Gladstone's ingenuity to the utmost, and set the [British] public mind in a ferment of excitement." In his conference with the bankers, the secretary said he hoped they would be able to take the loans on such terms as could be admitted. "If you can not," said he, "I shall go back to Washington and issue notes for circulation; for it is certain that the war must go on until the rebellion is put down, if we have to put out paper until it takes a thousand dollars to buy a breakfast." 

At this time the amount of coin in circulation in the country was estimated at $210,000,000; and it soon became evident that this was insufficient for carrying on the war. The banks could not sell the bonds for coin, and could not meet their obligations in coin, and on 27 Dec., 1861, they agreed to suspend specie payment at the close of the year. In his first report, submitted on the 9th of that month, Sec. Chase recommended retrenchment of expenses wherever possible, confiscation of the property of those in arms against the government, an increase of duties and of the tax on spirits, and a national currency, with a system of national banking associations. 

This last recommendation was carried out in the issue of "greenbacks," which were made a legal tender for everything but customs duties, and the establishment of the national banking law. His management of the finances of the government during the first three years of the great war has received nothing but the highest praise. He resigned the secretary ship on 30 June. 1864, and was succeeded a few days later by William P. Fessenden. 

On 6 Dec., 1864, President Lincoln nominated him to be chief justice of the United States, to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Roger B. Taney, and the nomination was immediately confirmed by the senate. In this office he presided at the impeachment trial of President Johnson in 1868. In that year his name was frequently mentioned in connection with the Democratic nomination for the presidency, and in answer to a letter from the chairman of the democratic national committee he wrote:

"For more than a quarter of a century I have been, in my political views and sentiments, a Democrat, and I still think that upon questions of finance, commerce, and administration generally, the old Democratic principles afford the best guidance. What separated me in former times from both parties was the depth and positiveness of my convictions on the slavery question. On that question I thought the Democratic party failed to make a just application of Democratic principles, and regarded myself as more democratic than the Democrats. In 1849 I was elected to the senate by the united votes of the old-line Democrats and independent Democrats, and subsequently made earnest efforts to bring about a union of all Democrats on the ground of the limitation of slavery to the states in which it then existed, and nonintervention in these states by congress. Had that union been effected, it is my firm belief that the country would have escaped the late civil war and all its evils. I never favored interference by congress with slavery, but as a war measure Mr. Lincoln's proclamation of emancipation had my hearty assent, and I united, as a member of his administration, in the pledge made to maintain the freedom of the enfranchised people. I have been, and am, in favor of so much of the reconstruction policy of congress as based the reorganization of the state governments of the south upon universal suffrage. I think that President Johnson was right in regarding the southern states, except Virginia and Tennessee, as being, at the close of the war, without governments which the U. S. government could properly recognize without governors, judges, legislators, or other state functionaries; but wrong in limiting, by his reconstruction proclamations, the right of suffrage to whites, and only such whites as had the qualification he required. On the other hand, it seemed to me, congress was right in not limiting, by its reconstruction acts, the right of suffrage to the whites; but wrong in the exclusion from suffrage of certain classes of citizens, and of all unable to take a prescribed retrospective oath, and wrong also in the establishment of arbitrary military governments for the states, and in authorizing military commissions for the trial of civilians in time of peace. There should have been as little military government as possible; no military commissions, no classes excluded from suffrage, and no oath except one of faithful obedience and support to the constitution and laws, and sincere attachment to the constitutional government of the United States. I am glad to know that many intelligent southern Democrats agree with me in these views, and are willing to accept universal suffrage and universal amnesty as the basis of reconstruction and restoration. They see that the shortest way to revive prosperity, possible only with contented industry, is universal suffrage now, and universal amnesty, with removal of all disabilities, as speedily as possible through the action of the state and national governments. I have long been a believer in the wisdom and justice of securing the right of suffrage to all citizens by state constitutions and legislation. It is the best guarantee of the stability of institutions, and the prosperity of communities. My views on this subject were well known when the Democrats elected me to the senate in 1849. I have now answered your letter as I think I ought to answer it. I beg you to believe me for I say it in all sincerity that I do not desire the office of president, nor a nomination for it. Nor do I know that, with my views and convictions, I am a suitable candidate for any party. Of that my countrymen must judge."

Judge Chase subsequently prepared a declaration of principles, embodying the ideas of his letter, and submitted it to those Democrats who desired his nomination, as a platform in that event. But this was not adopted by the convention, and the plan to nominate him, if there was such a plan, failed. In June, 1870, he suffered an attack of paralysis, and from that time till his death he was an invalid. As in the case of President Lincoln and Sec. Stanton, his integrity was shown by the fact that, though he had been a member of the administration when the government was spending millions of dollars a day, he died comparatively poor. His remains were buried in Washington ; but in October, 1886, were removed, with appropriate ceremony, to Cincinnati, Ohio, and deposited in Spring Grove cemetery near that city. Besides his reports and decisions, Mr. Chase published a compilation of the statutes of Ohio, with annotations and an historical sketch (3 vols., Cincinnati, 1832). See "Life and Public Services of Sahnon Portland Chase," by J. W. Schuckers (New York, 1874). -- Edited Appleton's Cyclopedia American Biography Copyright© 2001 by VirtualologyTM

 

Research Links

USA: Salmon Portland Chase 5
... 5/6, Impeachment trial of President Andrew Johnson. Fourth ...

Salmon Portland Chase. 1808 1873. Bartlett, John. 1919. ...
... John Bartlett, comp. (1820 1905). Familiar Quotations, 10th ed. 1919. Salmon Portland
Chase. 1808 1873. 1 The Constitution, in all its provisions, looks to an ...

Salmon Portland Chase Birthplace and Boyhood Home
Salmon Portland Chase Birthplace and Boyhood Home.
Site: N08-17. Municipality: Cornish, NH ...

Salmon Portland Chase
Politics & Politicians Salmon Portland Chase "The Man Who Wanted
To Be President" January 13, 1808 - May 7, 1873. ...

Salmon Portland Chase
Salmon Portland Chase. 1808-1873. Ohio. United States Senator, 1849-55; Governor
of Ohio; Secretary of the Treasury, 1861-64; sworn in as Chief Justice of the ...

Salmon Portland Chase
NAME: Salmon Portland Chase BORN: January 13, 1808 COMMUNITY AFFILIATIONS: (born,
Cornish, New Hampshire) moved...Worthington, Ohio (Franklin County) moved ...

Chase, Salmon Portland
... A fundraising program that gives a percentage of every purchase to your
school. encyclopedia Encyclopedia Chase, Salmon Portland. ...

Chase, Salmon Portland
... infoplease.com, Find answers in the infoplease.com almanacs, encyclopedia
and dictionary. ... encyclopedia Encyclopedia Chase, Salmon Portland. ...

Chase, Salmon Portland
Lycos Zone. Home. enter a word or phrase: get help Explore our Almanacs, Dictionary,
and Encyclopedia! ... encyclopedia Encyclopedia Chase, Salmon Portland. ...

Chase, Salmon Portland 1864-1873
CHASE, Salmon Portland (b. Cornish, NH, Jan. 13,
1808; d. New York, NY, May 7, 1873) 1864 ...

Chase, Salmon Portland
Click here to see more! ... encyclopedia Encyclopedia Chase,
Salmon Portland. Chase, Salmon Portland ...

Salmon Portland Chase
Salmon Portland Chase. Salmon Portland Chase lived
from 1808 to 1873. H e was an American public ...

USA: Salmon Portland Chase 1
... The ninth of eleven children Salmon Portland Chase was born to Ithmar Chase and his
wife the former Janet Ralston on January 13, 1808 in Cornish, New Hampshire ...

Salmon Portland Chase
Salmon Portland Chase. GO TO SITE. Part of a larger
site on historical documents, this page is ...

Chase, Salmon Portland
... encyclopedia Encyclopedia Chase, Salmon Portland.
Chase, Salmon Portland, 1808 73 , American ...

CHASE, Salmon Portland
CHASE, Salmon Portland, ... Salmon Portland Chase (1808-73); US
statesman, chief justice of the US Supreme Court. ...

Britannica
... Salmon Portland Chase: Attorney General of the Fugitive Slaves Lydia Rapoza Biography
of Abraham Lincoln's first secretary of the Treasury. Covers his childhood ...

New Hampshire Historical Markers
New Hampshire Historical Markers. Cornish (76) 1971. SALMON PORTLAND CHASE. In this
house was born Salmon P. Chase, US Senator from Ohio (1849-1855), Governor of ...

Encyclopedia.com - Results for Chase, Salmon Portland
... Electric Library's Free Encyclopedia Chase, Salmon Portland 1808-73, 6th chief
justice of the US SUPREME COURT (1864-73); b. Cornish, NH; grad. Dartmouth ...
Description: (Encyclopedia.com)

Judges of the United States Courts
... Legislation | Topics | Courthouses | Publications | Links | Contact ] Chase, Salmon
Portland Born January 13, 1808, in Cornish, NH Died May 7, 1873, in New York ...

Salmon P. Chase
... paralytic stroke. Bibliography: James G. Randall, "Salmon
Portland Chase," DAB, 4: 27-34; Blue, Chase.

HarpWeek | Elections | 1864 Full Biography
<See a full text list of Biographies>, Name: Salmon Portland Chase.
<Elections Home>. Born: January 13, 1808. Died: May 7, 1873. ...

YourMojo Virtual Library
... the official website of the Salmon P. Chase Fan Club) VOTE SALMON! Salmon Portland
Chase is one of the most webpage-worthy individuals in our nation's history ...

The Political Graveyard: Index to Politicians: Chase
... defeated (Democratic), 1950, 1952. Still living as of 1952. Chase, Salmon (Portland)
(1808-1873) Nephew of Dudley Chase; cousin of Dudley C. Denison; father-in ..

New Hampshire Sherman Adams governor Salmon Portland Chase ...
New Hampshire Sherman Adams governor Salmon Portland Chase jurist Ralph Addams Cram
architect Charles Anderson Dana editor Mary Morse Baker Eddy founder Dustin ...

Athenaeum Index: Author, Editor, Translator Record.
Author, Editor and/or Translator: CHASE, Salmon Portland. Authored: Anti-Slavery
Addresses of 1844 and 1845 2068 (June 15,1867). ...

Salmon P. Chase
... Name: Salmon Portland Chase, back to Who Was Who. ... Salmon Portland
Chase (13 January 1808 - 7 May 1873) Source: Harper's Weekly. ...

Salmon P Chase, Attorney General of Fugitive Slaves
... Salmon Portland Chase Attorney General of Fugitive Slaves 1808-1873 Salmon P. Chase,
Secretary of the Treasury Courtesy of the US Treasury Department Prepared ...


Start your search on Salmon Chase.


The Congressional Evolution of the United States Henry Middleton


Unauthorized Site: This site and its contents are not affiliated, connected, associated with or authorized by the individual, family, friends, or trademarked entities utilizing any part or the subject's entire name. Any official or affiliated sites that are related to this subject will be hyper linked below upon submission and Evisum, Inc. review.

Copyright© 2000 by Evisum Inc.TM. All rights reserved.
Evisum Inc.TM Privacy Policy

Search:

About Us

 

 

Image Use

Please join us in our mission to incorporate The Congressional Evolution of the United States of America discovery-based curriculum into the classroom of every primary and secondary school in the United States of America by July 2, 2026, the nation’s 250th birthday. , the United States of America: We The People Click Here

 

Historic Documents

Articles of Association

Articles of Confederation 1775

Articles of Confederation

Article the First

Coin Act

Declaration of Independence

Declaration of Independence

Emancipation Proclamation

Gettysburg Address

Monroe Doctrine

Northwest Ordinance

No Taxation Without Representation

Thanksgiving Proclamations

Mayflower Compact

Treaty of Paris 1763

Treaty of Paris 1783

Treaty of Versailles

United Nations Charter

United States In Congress Assembled

US Bill of Rights

United States Constitution

US Continental Congress

US Constitution of 1777

US Constitution of 1787

Virginia Declaration of Rights

 

Historic Events

Battle of New Orleans

Battle of Yorktown

Cabinet Room

Civil Rights Movement

Federalist Papers

Fort Duquesne

Fort Necessity

Fort Pitt

French and Indian War

Jumonville Glen

Manhattan Project

Stamp Act Congress

Underground Railroad

US Hospitality

US Presidency

Vietnam War

War of 1812

West Virginia Statehood

Woman Suffrage

World War I

World War II

 

Is it Real?



Declaration of
Independence

Digital Authentication
Click Here

 

America’s Four Republics
The More or Less United States

 
Continental Congress
U.C. Presidents

Peyton Randolph

Henry Middleton

Peyton Randolph

John Hancock

  

Continental Congress
U.S. Presidents

John Hancock

Henry Laurens

John Jay

Samuel Huntington

  

Constitution of 1777
U.S. Presidents

Samuel Huntington

Samuel Johnston
Elected but declined the office

Thomas McKean

John Hanson

Elias Boudinot

Thomas Mifflin

Richard Henry Lee

John Hancock
[
Chairman David Ramsay]

Nathaniel Gorham

Arthur St. Clair

Cyrus Griffin

  

Constitution of 1787
U.S. Presidents

George Washington 

John Adams
Federalist Party


Thomas Jefferson
Republican* Party

James Madison 
Republican* Party

James Monroe
Republican* Party

John Quincy Adams
Republican* Party
Whig Party

Andrew Jackson
Republican* Party
Democratic Party


Martin Van Buren
Democratic Party

William H. Harrison
Whig Party

John Tyler
Whig Party

James K. Polk
Democratic Party

David Atchison**
Democratic Party

Zachary Taylor
Whig Party

Millard Fillmore
Whig Party

Franklin Pierce
Democratic Party

James Buchanan
Democratic Party


Abraham Lincoln 
Republican Party

Jefferson Davis***
Democratic Party

Andrew Johnson
Republican Party

Ulysses S. Grant 
Republican Party

Rutherford B. Hayes
Republican Party

James A. Garfield
Republican Party

Chester Arthur 
Republican Party

Grover Cleveland
Democratic Party

Benjamin Harrison
Republican Party

Grover Cleveland 
Democratic Party

William McKinley
Republican Party

Theodore Roosevelt
Republican Party

William H. Taft 
Republican Party

Woodrow Wilson
Democratic Party

Warren G. Harding 
Republican Party

Calvin Coolidge
Republican Party

Herbert C. Hoover
Republican Party

Franklin D. Roosevelt
Democratic Party

Harry S. Truman
Democratic Party

Dwight D. Eisenhower
Republican Party

John F. Kennedy
Democratic Party

Lyndon B. Johnson 
Democratic Party 

Richard M. Nixon 
Republican Party

Gerald R. Ford 
Republican Party

James Earl Carter, Jr. 
Democratic Party

Ronald Wilson Reagan 
Republican Party

George H. W. Bush
Republican Party 

William Jefferson Clinton
Democratic Party

George W. Bush 
Republican Party

Barack H. Obama
Democratic Party

Please Visit

Forgotten Founders
Norwich, CT

Annapolis Continental
Congress Society


U.S. Presidency
& Hospitality

© Stan Klos

 

 

 

 


Virtual Museum of Art | Virtual Museum of History | Virtual Public Library | Virtual Science Center | Virtual Museum of Natural History | Virtual War Museum