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José de Acosta (1539, Medina del Campo, Spain – February 15, 1600, Salamanca,
Spain) was a Spanish 16th-century Jesuit missionary and naturalist in Latin
America. He was born at Medina del Campo in Spain, where his parents lived in
this city of the plain, about twenty-four miles from Valladolid, in Old Castile,
on the left bank of the swampy river Zapardiel, and overlooked by the old castle
of La Mota. They had five sons, named Geronimo, Christoval, Joseph, Diego, and
Bernardo. The Acosta brothers were fellow townsmen of the old soldier Bernal
Diaz, who told the story of the conquest of Mexico, but they were many years his
juniors. He left Spain with several of the Jesuit brethren at age thirty-two in
1570, landing at Carthagena, and finally at Nombre de Dios, then journeyed
through 18 leagues of tropical forest. Here he enjoyed the beauties of the
glorious scenery, the novel sights at every turn, and was interested, at Capira,
in the clever antics of troops of monkeys. From Panama he embarked for Peru in
pursuance of his missionary work. He expected, as professed by the philosophers
that he had studied, an unbearable intense heat in crossing the equator, but
found it to be so cool in March, that he laughed at Aristotle and his
philosophy.
On his arrival at Lima, he was ordered to cross the Andes, apparently to join
the Viceroy in the interior. He took the route, with fourteen or fifteen
companions, across the mountainous province of Huarochiri, and by the lofty pass
of Pariacaca [over 14,000 ft.], where the whole party suffered severely from the
effects of the rarefied atmosphere. Acosta describes these sufferings, which
were to be repeated on the three other occasions of crossing the cordillera.
Acosta was one of the earliest people to give a detailed description of altitude
sickness, a variety of which is referred to as Acosta's disease. He also
mentions an attack of snow blindness and the way in which an Indian woman cured
him.
Acosta had arrived in Peru two years after Don Francisco de Toledo had come out
as Viceroy in 1568. Following Toledo's beheading of the Inca Túpac Amaru, the
Viceroy devoted five years to a tour through every part of the Viceroyalty of
Peru, and to settlement of the country, in which he was aided by Acosta, the
Licentiate Polo de Ondegardo, and the Judge Matienza. Acosta also accompanied
the Viceroy to Charcas, and was with him during his unsuccessful expedition
against the fierce Chirihuana Indians.
The principal seat of the Jesuits was at that time in the little town of Juli,
near the western shores of Lake Titicaca. Here a college was formed, the
languages of the natives were studied, and eventually a printing press was
established. Acosta probably resided at Juli during much of his stay in Peru. It
was here, in all likelihood, that he observed the famous comet of 1577, from
November 1 to December 8, which extended like a fiery plume from the horizon
nearly to the zenith. Here, too, he devoted much of his time to the preparation
of several learned works, which he later took back to Spain in manuscript,
including the first two books of the Natural History of the Indies. At Juli,
Father Acosta received information respecting the Amazon river from a brother
who had formerly been in the famous piratical cruise of Lope de Aguirre.
Towards the close of the viceroyalty of Toledo, Father Acosta appears to have
moved from the interior of Peru to Lima. Here he mentions superintending the
casting of a great bell, for which there was difficulty in getting fuel for the
furnace, making it necessary to fell great trees in the Rímac River valley.
Viceroy Toledo was practically the founder of the University of St. Mark at
Lima, where Acosta was to occupy the chair of theology. Here he was again able
to display his abilities as a famed orator.
In 1571 José went to Cuzco as a visitor of the recently founded college of
the Jesuits. He returned to Lima three years later to again fill the chair of
theology, and was elected provincial in 1576.
In 1579 Sir Francis Drake was on the coast, and the Viceroy dispatched a fleet
under Don Pedro Sarmiento, partly to chase the English pirate, and partly to
explore and survey the Strait of Magellan. Acosta had conversations with the
pilot of Sarmiento's fleet, and was allowed to inspect his chart, thus obtaining
much hydrographic information, and particulars respecting the tides in the
straits. He also conversed with the new Viceroy Don Martín Henríquez on the same
subject.
Acosta founded a number of colleges, among them those of Arequipa, Potosí,
Chuquisaca, Panama and La Paz, but met with considerable opposition from the
Viceroy Toledo. His official duties obliged him to investigate personally a very
extensive range of territory, so that he acquired a practical knowledge of the
vast province, and of its aboriginal inhabitants. At the 1582 session of the
Third Council of Lima, Father Acosta played a very important part and was its
historian. He delivered an eloquent and learned oration at its last sitting on
October 18, 1583.
Shortly after the Third Council of Lima, he embarked with all his manuscripts,
the literary labors of fifteen years, and commenced his voyage to Mexico. During
the passage he was a shrewd observer of nature and knowledge seeker. He learned
from an expert Portuguese pilot that there were four points of no variation on
the earth, and that one of them was Corvo Island in the Azores. Acosta landed at
the port of Guatulco, at the western end of the Gulf of Tehuantepec, in the
Oaxaca province, then journeyed by land to Mexico City, where he resided in
1586. He had opportunities of which he diligently availed himself for collecting
information touching the civilization, religion and of the Aztecs and natural
products of this country. His chief informant respecting the rites and festivals
of the Mexicans was brother and Prebendary, Juan de Tobar
Acosta had been called to Spain by the King in 1585, prior to being detained in
Mexico. He sailed home to Spain in the fleet of 1587, which contained a precious
cargo, including twelve chests of gold each weighing 100 lbs., 11,000,000 pieces
of silver, and two chests of emeralds each weighing 100 lbs., in addition to
loads of ginger, sarsparilla, Brazil wood and animal hides.[8] In Spain he
filled the chair of theology at the Roman college in 1594, head of the Jesuits
College at Valladolid, as well as other important positions. At the time of his
death in his 60th year, he was rector of the college at Salamanca.
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