Edward Hicks (April 14, 1780 – August 23, 1849) was an American Folk
painter, a distinguished minister of the Society of Friends, and he also became
a Quaker icon because of his paintingsEdward Hicks (April 14, 1780 – August 23,
1849) was an American Folk painter, a distinguished minister of the Society of
Friends, and he also became a Quaker icon because of his paintings
Edward Hicks (April 14, 1780 – August 23, 1849) was an
American Folk painter, a distinguished minister of the Society of Friends, and
he also became a Quaker icon because of his paintings.
Life and career
Edward Hicks was born in his grandfather's mansion at Langhorne, in Bucks
County, Pennsylvania. He was born into a life of luxury, and his parents were
both Anglican. After his mother passed away when he was eighteen months old,
Matron Elizabeth Twining - a close friend of his mother's- raised him as one of
her own. She also taught him the Quaker beliefs. This had a great effect on the
rest of his life.
At the age of thirteen he was an apprentice for coach makers William and Henry
Tomlison. He stayed with them for seven years. His living situation inspired him
to desire a much better way of life for himself. He wanted a simple, well
respected life and to be able to earn his own wages. He wanted to be able to
make choices for himself, in all that he did. It was then that he knew that
something amusing and entertaining such as a career in art could satisfy his
goals. He spent three years contemplating what his life meant to him, and grew a
strong passion for art. His religious commitments affected his thoughts on
living and art in many ways. In 1803, he married a Quaker woman named Sarah
Worstall.
At the time, he worked in a shop in Milford as a coach painter. With the money
he earned, he was able to sufficiently support his family. In 1812 his
congregation recorded him as a minister and they began to recognize a special
gift in him. By 1813 he began traveling throughout Philadelphia as a Quaker
preacher. His expenses for traveling and needs to support a growing family
caused some financial problems. Hicks decided to expand his trade to painting
household objects - upon request- as well as tavern signs. He was able to make a
great deal of money through his painting trade. However, this greatly upset the
Quaker community, because it contradicted the plain customs they respected. The
Quaker community –at this time in history- was also growing in Pennsylvania at
this time because of new settlers arriving. Not everyone in the expanding
community had a problem with Hicks; at that point his community was so rapidly
growing that many branched off into sects. The various sects were represented by
many different Americans and many various ideals on good living. These
differences sometimes conflicted with one another, which greatly discouraged
Edward Hicks from continuing to preach in the Quaker community. [1].Hicks then
decided to become a farmer, which only made financial matters worse for him. He
did not have the experience he needed to cultivate the land, or run a farm
primarily on his own. By 1816, his wife was expecting a fifth child. A financial
solution had to be found soon. A close friend of Hicks - John Comly - convinced
the painter's Long Island relative to talk to Hicks about painting again. It was
then that Edward started painting with an easel, and on canvas.
He had all of the experience he needed in this field, unlike farming. This
friendly suggestion saved Edward Hicks from financial disaster. It also
preserved his livelihood not as a Quaker Minister, but as a Quaker artist.
[2]Many Quaker beliefs prohibited the idea of living a lavish life or having
excessive amounts of objects or materials. Hicks was unable to maintain his work
as a preacher and painter at the same time. He completely transitioned into a
life of painting, and he used his canvases as a way to convey his personal
beliefs. Although Edward Hicks enjoyed preaching and spreading the words of the
Quaker faith, and the meanings they had for him to others, he enjoyed painting
much better. He was unconfined by rules of his congregation, and able to freely
express what religion could not; the human conception of faith. [3] Every
individual's beliefs vary, but in the Quaker community open-mindedness was not
easily accepted. For Hicks, these very personal beliefs be accepted and
preserved on canvas. Viewers were able to perceive his work and create their own
interpretations.
Although it is not considered a religious image, Hicks' many creations of his
Peaceable Kingdoms offer many Quaker qualities. Much of Hick's work and Quaker
faith was strangely inspired by the Bible. For example, this painting includes
many animals. These animals signify the Noah's Ark Passage in the Bible, which
the Quakers understood. In the case of Peaceable Kingdom, he produced 61
re-creations of it. Hicks used his paintings as a way to define his central
interest, which was the quest for a redeemed soul. This theme was also from one
of his theological beliefs. [4]
Hicks used traditional symbols in his work. However, they did not adequately
reflect his personal Quaker concept of salvation. Hicks therefore altered his
imagery. Still today, his personal concept of salvation remains insufficiently
understood by many. Perhaps he had intended that viewers would find their own
answers with the help and inspiration offered by his paintings. Hicks' work was
also greatly influenced by a specific Quaker belief referred to as the Inner
Light.
George Fox was the Quaker chief, along with other formulators who established
and preached the Inner Light doctrine. Fox explained that along with scriptural
knowledge, many individuals achieve salvation by yielding one's self-will to the
divine power of Christ and the "Christ within". This "Christ in You" concept was
derived from the Bible's Colossians 1:27. It was a strong characteristic of
Edward Hicks' work. Hicks enjoyed using references of humans and animals to
depict the Inner Light's idea of breaking physical barriers (of difference
between two individuals) to working and living together in peace. In many of his
paintings he also displays this concept with people such as the Native Americans
and the settlers of Pennsylvania. Hicks was also very much against British power
in America, and hoped that Penn could help ensure reform. A strong supporter of
the Republican Party, Hicks appreciated William Penn because of what he stood
for with regard to America's freedom and the Quaker community. Penn was a sort
of role model for Hicks with regard to America's general well-being. Much like
Penn, Hicks also opposed Britain's hierarchy. [4] Hicks most admired Penn for
establishing the treaty of Pennsylvania with the Native Americans, because it
was a state that strongly fostered the Quaker community. [5]
Edward Hicks' first major exhibition took place in 1960 at Williamsburg,
Virginia. Although it was devoted to the artist's life work, it got mixed
reviews due to the fact that Hicks had a habit of repeating various arrangements
over and over again. Hicks' earliest and most impactful presentation of work was
in 1826. Kingdoms of the Branch, was at that time in the Philadelphia Museum of
Art.[3] Hicks used Penn and the Native Americans to paraphrase Isaiah's
prophecy, in full. Edward had created his own art movement in a sense. Inspired
by various passages in the Bible, his Quaker background, and personal faith, all
of Hicks' work is based on his feelings about the world around him. When he
painted, the work focused completely on religious subject matter while using
current events to portray them. The paintings also create a sense of religious
nature and value, and were not created for fame or fortune. Hicks also created
an established symbol system to convey meaning through his art. [6] He used
predators (such as lions) and prey (such as lambs) in his paintings next to each
other to show a theme of peace. Peaceable Kingdoms of the Branch (1826-30), is
now located in Reynolda House, Museum of American Art, Winston-Salem, NC. It is
a great example of Hicks' legacy. [7] Hicks also enjoyed using simpler color
schemes as another way to convey simplicity, but also to not distract viewers
from true content. He also utilized many of the same captions, figure
relationships and foreground background views.
As stated above, many of Hicks' work include similarities that vary from
painting to painting. For example, his 1834 version of "Peaceable Kingdom" and
1845 version of "The Residence of David Twining", the picture plane of both
offer many comparisons (please see first two paintings displayed below). First,
the right area of both paintings appears to be the most congested area. Within
this are of both, the larger objects are not entirely the closest forms within
the picture plane. Instead, the size of the object seems to reflect the
importance of it. The ox and the lion are the largest objects in "Peaceable
Kingdom", and the house is the largest object in "The Residence of David
Twining". Both paintings show humans and animals interacting together, which is
very important. There is an even great sense of community offered by both
because the people are portrayed as trying to accomplish something. In the case
of "Peaceable Kingdom", there are settlers in the background, signing a treaty
with the Native Americans. In all of Hicks' work, the subject matter is clear in
the sense that a viewer must take more than glance at each painting in order to
understand it. His work portrays calmness and peace, taking place rather than an
abrupt action. The titles help to explain the subject matter, but also help to
differentiate all of his works, because some are similar to one another.
However, none of his paintings are completely identical. Although Hicks could
have presented his subject matter differently, the fact that he presented the in
his way makes him more of an individual artist. Compositionally, there are
certain structures and patterns Hicks follows (as mentions earlier) within all
of his work. He enjoys showing depth through objects and objects size before
turning to light and shadows. The foreground, middle ground and background are
all defined by objects, animals, landscape, humans, and skylines. One quality
that attracts viewers to Hicks' work is his use of repetition amongst his
paintings. Within his paintings, his unique style capturing "peace" is also
interesting. Many of the shapes and forms in his work appear to be organic,
flowing and soft. This is also a way for the artist to convey tranquility and
peace. Although the space may appear shallow on the picture plane of these
paintings, the content and message are much deeper. Within his work, a viewer
must pay close attention to the number of people or objects within a painting
because they vary from painting to painting. Also, one must pay close attention
to the gestures of individuals and animals in paintings, in order to derive
meaning. Hicks' almost always paints outdoor scenes, in which the light source
is the sun or sky. Again, Hicks uses small detail variations as a way to force a
viewers to pay attention to content because they are deliberate and purposeful.
The color schemes of his work are not complicated. The color schemes he choices
to work with are very plane, and within a painting such "Peaceable Kingdom",
many of the colors have the same warmth or brown tone. This is another way that
Hicks' tries to convey "uniformity" or peace. Most of these paintings are
asymmetrically balanced. This is used as a way to activate the painting's space
and proportion. It is also being used as a way to reflect actions taking place
between groups of people and animals within the work.
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